Transportable modular system for covered isolation of assets

ABSTRACT

An easily assembled, transportable, re-deployable, modular, protective, double-roof system is disclosed which is compatible with other Modular Protective System (MPS) components and can be assembled in a variety of configurations to provide soldiers and equipment with protective enclosures.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to U.S. patent application publication No. 2011/0005695 A1 filed Sep. 1, 2010 as a national stage under U.S.C. §371, of International Application No. PCT/US09/35,703, filed Mar. 2, 2009, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e)(1) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/033,061, Transportable Modular System Permitting Isolation of Assets, filed Mar. 3, 2008, all incorporated herein by reference. This application is also related to U.S. patent application publication No. 2011/0000514 A1 filed Sep. 1, 2010 as a national stage under U.S.C. §371, of International Application No. PCT/US09/35,707, filed Mar. 2, 2009, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e)(1) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/033,059, Transportable Modular Configuration for Holding Panels, filed Mar. 3, 2008, all incorporated herein by reference. This application is also related to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/033,240, Method of Manufacturing Cement Based Armor Panels filed Mar. 03, 2008; U.S. Pat. No. 8,030,377 B2, issued Oct. 4, 2011 which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e)(1) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/033,212, Self-Leveling Cementitious Composition with Controlled Rate of Strength Development and Ultra-High Compressive Strength upon Hardening and Articles Made from Same filed Mar. 03, 2008; U.S. Pat. No. 8,062,741 B2, issued Nov. 22, 2011 which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e)(1) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/033,264, Cement Based Laminated Armor Panels; and U.S. Pat. No. 8,061,257 B2, issued Nov. 22, 2011 which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e)(1) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61,033,258, Cement Based Armor Panel System, filed Mar. 03, 2008, all the above incorporated herein by reference.

STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST

Under paragraph 1(a) of Executive Order 10096, the conditions under which this invention was made entitle the Government of the United States, as represented by the Secretary of the Army, to an undivided interest therein on any patent granted thereon by the United States. Research supporting at least part of the work described herein was accomplished with the United States Gypsum Company under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement, CRADA-05-GSL-04, dated 20 May 2005. This and related patents are availabe for licensing to qualified licensees.

BACKGROUND

It is important to protect both material and personnel from catastrophe, especially in cases where the probability of occurrence is greater than the norm. Conventionally, both temporary and permanent means may be used for this purpose, depending on the scenario. For example, a permanent military facility may best be protected by a permanent configuration, whereas a mobile field unit would best be served by a temporary, but not necessarily less effective, configuration. Conventionally, protection against manmade catastrophe, such as occurs in war zones, has been provided with large bulky concrete structures or earthen embankments that require heavy equipment to produce, whether temporary or permanent. Needs for protective structure may include barriers to prevent personnel access, vehicular intrusion, or even line-of-site access in the case of a sniper, as well as protective enclosures for emergency response personnel or revetments for high value assets. Because of constraints such as geography, response time, availability of both material and heavy equipment, and the like, select embodiments of the present invention that provide good protection for both personnel and valued assets are of value for protection of both military and community assets.

To protect personnel and resources, military organizations use a variety of protective materials ranging from soil cover to expensive, high-performance, lightweight ballistic ceramics. A need exists for an inexpensive blast and fragmentation barrier for large-area applications, such as forward facilities, installation and structure perimeters, and both interior and exterior protective upgrades. Certain applications call for panels that may be emplaced on robust platforms, both the modular platform sections and panels being of sufficiently light weight to be man portable.

Select embodiments of the panels of the present invention have excellent energy absorbing capacity against blast and ballistic penetration forces. This capacity is often described as toughness, a term also associated with the tensile strength of concrete. Select embodiments of the panels of the present invention obtain their strength and toughness qualities through engineering of the type and quantity of component materials.

When combined with an elastic outer layer, the core of select embodiments of the panels of the present invention reduces fragment velocities as compared to existing core materials that cost more, weigh more, and require greater thickness to achieve the same kinetic energy reduction. Cost is reduced by employing high performance concrete materials as a core. Use of multi-dimensional, discrete and continuous fibers of various material compositions distributed throughout the core matrix optimizes strength and toughness. Coating or covering the inexpensive core with a tough pliable material provides the necessary “toughness” to dampen or completely eliminate through penetration of fragments and debris from an event such as a hurricane, nearby explosion or even penetration by munitions.

Select embodiments of the panels, roof and floor supports and the box-shaped platform modules of the present invention are man portable. Systems, such as walls, floors and roofs, employing select embodiments of the present invention are designed to replace existing systems that are heavier, e.g., those that employ thicker panels comprising materials conventionally used for protection from ballistic sources. Because some existing systems are made from exotic materials, such as ceramics, they are also more expensive than embodiments of the present invention.

A need also exists for inexpensive protective cladding with superior resistance to wind damage, including penetration of debris generated by natural forces, such as tornadoes and hurricanes. Although select embodiments of the present invention may be used as ballistic armor, connectors, protective construction, blast-resistant panels, protection against fragmenting munitions, vehicle up-armoring, and forced entry resistant structural elements. Other applications include strengthening of building components such as walls, floors and ceilings. Because select embodiments of the panels of the present invention have high strength and toughness, they are suitable for use in new construction of residential housing as structural members that are resistant to the natural forces and debris impact of tornadoes and hurricanes and in commercial security situations such as the construction of bank vaults and armor protective enclosures.

Select embodiments of the present invention include a Modular Protective System Overhead Cover (MPS-OHC) that fills an existing gap in a combat soldier's tool kit. The MPS-OHC is a unique structure that provides 360° of protection while its components are light enough to be man-portable and assembled by personnel without requiring special tools or heavy equipment. This allows the MPS-OHC to be attached to a combat unit, transported to remote locations, and deployed with hand tools. Currently, there is no known system capable of providing this protection with its reduced logistical demands.

The MPS-OHC safeguards personnel and material against direct and indirect weapons' fire. The MPS-OHC is similar in concept to the Overhead Coverage System (OCS) developed by the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), USACE Middle East District (MED), Protective Design Center (PDC), in partnership with Perini and Tetra Tech design-build teams. The OCS, however, are permanent structures built over high-density facilities, such as housing units, medical buildings, and dining halls. Changes in the battlefield scenario and logistical constraints require that the next generation of enhanced force protection solutions be lightweight, modular, scalable, recoverable, and reusable. The MPS-OHC is intended to provide sidewall and overhead cover from direct and indirect fire threats in locations where conventional construction materials and equipment are not available or are not feasible or when a permanent structure would not be in line with mission requirements.

U.S. Armed Forces combat personnel operate in austere environments and face the threat of small arms and indirect fire. The MPS-OHC provides a rapidly deployable and rapidly recoverable structure that requires no heavy equipment or specialized tools for assembly. Possible uses include: overhead cover, sidewall protection, protection of living quarters, including tents, ballistic and fragmentation screen or shield, vehicle protection, personnel bunker, command post protection, guard post, fighting position, petroleum, oil and lubricants (POL) store protective cover, ammunitions holding area protection, and the like.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of components of panels of a first generic embodiment of the panels that may be used with embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of components of panels of a second generic embodiment of the panels that may be used with embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of components of panels of a third generic embodiment of the present invention and a perspective view of a resultant generic embodiment of the panels that may be used with embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of components of panels of a fourth generic embodiment of the panels that may be used with embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 5A is a perspective view of components of panels of a fifth generic embodiment of the present invention and a perspective view of a resultant generic embodiment of panels as may be used with the present invention comprising these components.

FIG. 5B is a perspective view of the components of FIG. 5A in an alternate resultant generic embodiment of panels as may be used with the present invention comprising these components.

FIG. 5C is an end view through a cross section of two alternative geometries of an outer covering of the resultant generic embodiment of panels of the present invention as is represented in FIG. 5A.

FIG. 6 is a longitudinal side elevation view of a single box-shaped platform and single installed panel thereon that may be employed in embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a top plan view of the single box-shaped platform of FIG. 6 that may be employed in embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a top plan view of a bottom plate connector, as well as elevation views of the two vertical outer sides of the connector that may be employed in embodiments of the present invention, one of four such bottom plate connectors on each of the box-shaped platform modules of FIG. 6.

FIG. 9 is a top plan view of a top plate connector, as well as elevation views of the two vertical outer sides of the connector that may be employed in embodiments of the present invention, one of four such top plate connectors on each of the box-shaped platform modules of FIG. 6.

FIG. 10 illustrates how a corner is formed using box-shaped platforms and panels of embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 11 shows detail of an adjustment unit that may be used with embodiments of the present invention to adjust height of individual box-shaped platform modules to match modules connected therewith.

FIG. 12 shows plan and edge views of a “z-bar” employed to hold panels onto individual platform modules that may be used in embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 13 is a perspective of the basic structure of a box-shaped platform module expanded for installation of panels, to include z-bars, compression and members in tension and top and bottom mounts that may be used with embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 14 is a perspective of the basic structure of a platform module collapsed for transportation or storage without z-bars and members in tension that may be used with embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 15 is an elevation view of a longitudinal side of a box-shaped wall comprising three long by two high interconnected box-shaped platform modules that may be employed in embodiments of the present invention, and a single installed panel thereon for illustration purposes only.

FIG. 16 shows plan and elevation views of a strap that may be employed to constrain the z-bars in the box-shaped platform modules of an embodiment of the present invention after installation of the panels in the z-bars.

FIG. 17 is a perspective view of the “stair steps” used in accessing the top of the side walls of select embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 18 is another view of FIG. 17 showing placement of the panels comprising the landings for the stair steps.

FIG. 19 is another view of FIG. 18 showing roof bars as initially installed.

FIG. 20 depicts the detail of the side wall frame prior to installation of the roof bars shown in FIG. 19.

FIG. 21 depicts the detail of the side wall frame after installation of the roof bars shown in FIG. 19.

FIG. 22 shows stick figures depicting how decking, such as Composolite®, can be passed up for installation on top of side walls of select embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 23 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the present invention with its first cover of decking installed across the side walls.

FIG. 24 depicts a detailed isometric view of lightweight decking resting on roof bars for select embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 25 depicts an elevation view of lightweight decking resting on roof bars with an inner z-bar serving as redundant support for select embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 26 shows the work platform of FIG. 18 used as landings for the stair steps for select embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 27 depicts bottom and top isometric views of roof bars, together with top and bottom plan views showing holes for dowel pins for select embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 28 shows joists bolted together, including end joists, which may be used to support first and second coverings for select embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 29 depicts the possibility of using stabilizing rods or wires to support the sides of the roof structure for select embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 30 is a perspective view of roof frames as initially installed on side walls of select embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 31 shows FIG. 30 with optional cross bracing as may be used with select embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 32 depicts panels composed of E-glass installed along the top of side walls using the roof frames of FIG. 30 as may be used with select embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 33 shows the initial installation of bar joists across side walls as may be used with select embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 34 is a perspective view of panels composed of E-glass installed over the bar joists of FIG. 33 as may be used with select embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 35 is a perspective view of a second layer of bar joists installed using the top of the roof frames as added to the configuration of FIG. 34.

FIG. 36 is a perspective view of “pre-det” decking added to the top bar joists of FIG. 35.

FIG. 37 depicts FIG. 37 with the stair steps of FIG. 18 removed.

FIG. 38 is a perspective end elevation view of FIG. 36.

FIG. 39 is a perspective side elevation view of FIG. 36.

FIG. 40 is an end elevation view of FIG. 36.

FIG. 41 depicts an end view of a building that may be protected by the configuration of FIG. 40.

FIG. 42 is a side elevation view of FIG. 36.

FIG. 43 shows detail for the seat for the bar joist on the roof frame as well as perspective, plan and edge views of a roof frame as may be used with select embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 44 depicts end and center bar joist sections in perspective, plan and edge views as may be used with select embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 45 compares end elevation, side elevation and isometric views of the structure depicted in FIG. 35.

FIG. 46 depicts a protective structure as may be completed as an embodiment of the present invention, including protective elements on both open ends.

FIG. 47 shows detail of alternative end configurations for the bar joists of FIG. 35.

FIG. 48 shows details of the connectors used with the roof frames of FIG. 30.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Select embodiments of the present invention envision a system of lightweight modular components that are assembled without heavy equipment or special tools to provide overhead cover protection, in addition to lateral cover protection. The system is re-usable and re-locatable by incorporating a lightweight modular column system.

Select embodiments of the present invention comprise transportable components for fortifying an area. Select embodiments of the present invention comprise lightweight roof trusses and connectors therefor. Select embodiments of the present invention include opaque blast and projectile resistant panels and rectangular box-shaped platform modules for holding the panels in order to provide a secure perimeter. The panels are resistant to sudden impulses such as may occur with explosions or impact with projectiles and also shield what they are protecting from view of possible adversaries.

In select embodiments of the present invention, a transportable configuration provides protection for assets. One of the main components of select embodiments of the present invention comprises an open stackable frame of a length greater than or equal to the width, the width in turn less than or equal to the height. A frame comprises four sides, eight corners and an open top and bottom. In select embodiments of the present invention the frame comprises: mounts at each of its eight corners, four of the mounts being of a first type and located at the top of the frame and four of the mounts being of a second type and located at the bottom of the frame such that the first and second types are able to be interlocked via suitable means to permit vertical stacking as well as horizontal connection of the frames one to another; a pair of cross members in compression on each side of the frame, such that each cross member of a pair is pivotally joined at the center to the other cross member of the pair thereby allowing pivoting of the pair of cross members in one plane, and such that each cross member is also pivotally joined to one top mount of a first type and one bottom mount of a second type thereby allowing pivoting of the connected pair of cross members in one plane; and two or more members in tension on each side of the frame, a first member in tension attached to the top mounts of a first type and a second member in tension attached to a bottom mounts of a second type; pairs of z-bars to be affixed, in one embodiment, along a first longitudinal side of the frame, ends of one of the z-bars affixed to the top mounts of a first type and ends of the second z-bar of a pair affixed to two bottom mounts of a second type; tensioning means for securing the ends of the z-bars to the top and bottom mounts; four height adjustable bases, on which rest the bottom mounts of a second type; and panels, preferably quadrilateral, having a length and width either of which is much greater than the depth of a panel, the panels having a pre-specified resistance to blast and penetration by airborne projectiles such that when the panels are mounted in the z-bars on the frame the combination provides physical protection of assets on the side of the configuration away from the origination of any blast and airborne projectiles.

In select embodiments of the present invention, third and fourth z-bars are mounted on the longitudinal side of the frame opposite the longitudinal side on which the first two z-bars are mounted. These z-bars accommodate mounting optional panels on the “back” side (the side away from the origin of external hazards) of the frame.

In select embodiments of the present invention, the cross members are of tubular construction and further comprise means for pivotally connecting each cross member of a pair of cross members at the respective approximate center of each cross member. For example, the means for pivotally connecting may be a bushed rivet or clevis pin. In select embodiments of the present invention the cross members are metal tubes having a quadrilateral cross section, e.g., a square or rectangular cross section.

In select embodiments of the present invention, the members in tension are braided wires affixed to the plates horizontally, e.g., via rivets through holes in the plates and end loops on the braided wire from one top plate to another top plate and from one bottom plate to another bottom plate, all on the same frame module.

In select embodiments of the present invention, the z-bars are formed from sheet metal and incorporate means for positioning them on the frame and tensioning means for attaching the z-bars to the appropriate mounts, i.e., to top mounts for bottom z-bars and vice versa. In select embodiments of the present invention, the configuration mounts are formed from sheet metal and further comprise: means for positioning the z-bars to the frame, for example an “external slot,” and means for attaching the tensioning means for connecting the z-bars to the mounts, e.g., a strap with hook on one end and a tightening ratchet on the other end; means for connecting to the first and second members in tension, e.g., slots or holes to which a wire may be affixed via a rivet or the like; channels for positioning the cross members at the mounts, e.g., vertical tabs incorporating attachment holes, the tabs affixed by suitable means such as “tack welding” to the base of the mounts; and means for connecting each end of the cross members in the channels, e.g., bushed pins such as clevis pins or the like.

In select embodiments of the present invention, the adjustable bases comprise: a first mount for affixing the mounts of a second type, the mount incorporating a first threaded collar approximately centered in the first mount; a threaded rod incorporating means for moving, such as an affixed hex nut, the threaded rod in the first threaded collar to raise and lower the first mount; and a second reinforced mount incorporating a second collar for receiving the threaded rod, so that the threaded rod may be turned via the means for moving to adjust the height of the adjustable base to facilitate interconnecting a frame module to adjoining frame modules.

In select embodiments of the present invention, the quadrilateral panels comprise a core of very high strength concrete having elastic material bonded to at least one side, the side defined by the length and the width of the quadrilateral panel, the depth or thickness of the panel much less than either the length or width. In select embodiments of the present invention, the quadrilateral panel incorporates elastic material bonded to both its sides. In select embodiments of the present invention, the quadrilateral panels incorporate elastic material bonded to the outside of the quadrilateral panel. In select embodiments of the present invention the elastic material completely encapsulates the panel.

In select embodiments of the present invention, the quadrilateral panels further comprise means for suspending them from the frame, e.g., grommets, tabs and the like.

In select embodiments of the present invention, the frames employ four or more connection pins, such as steel bar stock of circular cross section with both ends chamfered to facilitate insertion of the pins, to affix each bottom mount of a second type to each adjustable base as well as to affix vertically stacked frames to those below.

In select embodiments of the present invention, a method of installing a transportable configuration that provides protection for assets, comprises: providing an open stackable frame having a length greater than or equal to a width that is less than or equal to a height, four sides, and eight corners, the frame comprising: mounts at each of the eight corners of the frame, such that a first four mounts are of a first type located at the top of the frame and a second four mounts are of a second type located at the bottom of the frame, a pair of cross members in compression on each side of the frame, such that each cross member of a pair is pivotally joined at the center to the other cross member of the pair to allow pivoting of the pair of cross members in one plane, and such that each cross member is pivotally joined to one top mount of a first type and one bottom mount of a second type so as to allow pivoting of the pair of cross members in one plane; and two or more members in tension on each side of the frame, tension provided from a member such as a braided wire, a first member in tension attached to the top mounts and a second tension member attached to the bottom mounts. The method further provides z-bars, the z-bars affixed along a longitudinal side of the frame, ends of a first z-bar affixed to two top mounts and ends of a second z-bar affixed to two bottom mounts; providing tensioning means in a vertical plane, such as braided wires adjustable for amount of tension, connectable to each end of the z-bars; providing adjustable bases such that each base supports a bottom mount for one or two frames depending on the position of the frames in a final protective wall; providing four or more connection pins for affixing each frame to the four adjustable bases; and providing quadrilateral panels having a pre-specified resistance to blast and penetration by airborne projectiles; transporting said configuration to a location having assets requiring physical protection and unloading the configuration from its transporting means, such as a truck. The method further comprises completing the following steps to result in a protective wall for the assets: a) arranging the adjustable bases on the desired substrate, e.g., the ground, to permit placement of the frames thereon and adjusting the bases to be about six turns from bottoming out; b) leveling the adjustable bases with respect to the substrate; c) placing a first frame on four adjustable bases; d) connecting the frame to its adjustable bases with four connection pins; e) further arranging two adjustable bases for holding one side of an initially adjoining frame to the originally placed frame, leveling the two adjustable bases, placing the adjoining frame on the two adjustable bases common to the initially placed frame and the two further arranged adjustable bases; f) connecting the adjoining frame to the adjustable bases on the one side common to the initially placed frame; g) connecting the adjoining frame to the two further arranged adjustable bases; h) leveling the initially placed frame by adjusting the adjustable bases to facilitate joining the initially placed frame and the adjoining frames at the top mounts; i) connecting the initially placed frame and the adjoining frames at adjoining top mounts; j) along the length of the frame, attaching a z-bar at the top of each installed frame and a second z-bar at the bottom of each installed frame; k) employing the tensioning means at the ends of each z-bar, securing the z-bars to the frame; l) inserting the quadrilateral panels between the top and bottom z-bars along the length of each installed frame; and m) repeating steps a) through l) treating each added frame as an initially added frame until a pre-specified length of said protective wall is attained.

In select embodiments of the present invention, the method of installation further comprises installing third and fourth z-bars on the side of the frame opposite that on which the first and second z-bars are installed, installing the third and fourth z-bars in a manner identical to that of installing the first and second z-bars; and inserting quadrilateral panels between the third and fourth z-bars along the length of each installed frame.

In select embodiments of the present invention, the method of installation further comprises: a) stacking a frame module above each frame module of an initially installed protective wall, b) attaching each bottom mount of the added frame module to a corresponding top mount of the initially installed frame module using a connection pin per connection; c) as necessary, further leveling the adjustable bases with respect to the substrate to facilitate joining each stacked frame module to an adjoining stacked frame module at the respective top mounts; d) connecting the stacked frame modules at adjoining top mounts, e.g., via a rivet and slot arrangement; e) along one side of the length of the stacked frame module, attaching a z-bar at the top of each installed stacked frame module; f) employing the tensioning means at the ends of each newly installed z-bar, securing the newly installed z-bars to the stacked frame module; g) inserting quadrilateral panels between the originally installed top z-bar of the bottom layer of frame modules and the newly installed z-bars of the top layer of frame modules along the length of each installed stacked frame module until the pre-specified length of the protective wall is attained at the increased height resultant from adding the stacked frame modules.

In select embodiments of the present invention, the method of installation further comprises: installing an additional z-bar on the top of the side of the stacked frame module opposite that on which the newly installed top z-bar is installed, installing the additional top z-bars in a manner identical to that of installing the newly installed top z-bars; and inserting quadrilateral panels between the initially installed top and the newly installed top z-bars along the “back” length of each installed stacked frame module.

In select embodiments of the panels of the present invention, inexpensive impact-resistant composite structures incorporate a core of an improved very high strength concrete (VHSC) and an external “skin” of elastic material. The skin may be applied to one or more sides of the structure or completely cover a structure, e.g., a rectangular panel could be covered on both sides and all four edges. Materials that form a composite structure of an embodiment of the present invention may include a core of a cementitious material such as COR-TUF™ (a high-performance VHSC) coupled with reinforced polymer-based facings placed on one or more sides of the VHSC core or completely enveloping the core. Note that VHSC is an accepted descriptor in the profession for high performance concrete. COR-TUF™ and methods for producing it are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,744,690 B2 to Durst et al. (hereafter the '690 patent), issued Jun. 29, 2010, incorporated herein by reference. Further, the elastic material for covering the panels may be of the type described in U.S. patent publication 2009/000430 A1, Reinforced Elastomeric Configuration Tailored to Meet a User's Requirements for Protecting a Structure and a Structure Comprised Thereof, published Jan. 1, 2009 (hereafter the '430 publication), incorporated herein by reference. Methods for applying the elastomeric material to a panel are also provided in the '430 publication.

Refer to FIG. 1 detailing major components of a panel 100 that may be employed in select embodiments of the present invention. In select embodiments of the present invention, a thin rectangular core 101 of length, L, width, W, and thickness, T, much less than either L or W, comprising a VHSC concrete such as COR-TUF™, has sheets 102, 103 of flexible or elastic (hereafter elastic) material affixed to each side 104 of the core 101. The elastic material may be in the form of sheets 102, 103, thin membranes, laminates and the like or “flowed on” a side 104 of the core 101 by spraying, rolling, brushing, troweling or the like. Multiple layers, such as thin membranes built up into a laminate, and the like, may be employed as the sheets 102, 103 of elastic material on any side of the core 101, each layer placed in accordance with manufacture's instructions to insure proper adhesion of the resultant sheets 102, 103 of elastic material to the core 101. Multiple layers of fluid elastic material that solidifies upon curing may be applied to build up a veneer (sheet) 102, 103 of elastic material of appropriate thickness upon final cure. Each application coat of fluid material is applied in accordance with manufacture's instructions to insure proper curing and adhesion of the sheets 102, 103 of elastic material to the core 101. For select embodiments of the present invention employing elastic material in the form of sheets 102, 103 of elastic material, to include such as thin membranes alone or thin membranes built into laminates, an adhesive may be applied to either or both the sheets 102, 103 of elastic material and the sides 104 of the core 101 in compliance with the manufacturer's instructions for the elastic material used for the sheets 102, 103 of elastic material and the adhesive. Sheets 102, 103 of elastic material, to include such as thin membranes and laminates thereof may be provided with a “peel and stick” type of adhesive that may permit ready adhesion of sheets 102, 103 of elastic material to a side 104 of the core 101 prepared in accordance with the manufacturer of the “peel and stick” type adhesive. In select embodiments of the present invention, the edges 107 of the core 101 need not be covered by the sheets 102, 103 of elastic material in order to achieve a desired level of performance.

Refer to FIG. 2 depicting the core 101 of FIG. 1. In select embodiments of the present invention only one side of the core 101 has a sheet 102 of elastic material adhered thereto. The type of elastic material used in the sheet 102 and method of application may be any of the types and methods used for the “double-sided” example of FIG. 1. Again, for select embodiments of the present invention, the edges 107 of the core 101 need not be covered by the single sheet 102 of elastic material in order to achieve a desired level of performance.

Refer to FIG. 3 in which the same core 101 is shown as in FIGS. 1 and 2. In select embodiments of the present invention both sides 104 and all four edges 107 of the core 101 have a sheet 102, 103 of elastic material adhered thereto. The type of elastic material used for the sheets 102, 103 of elastic material and method of application may be any of the types and methods used for the “double-sided” example of FIG. 1. Further, in select embodiments of the present invention, the elastic material incorporated in the sheets 102, 103 of elastic material may be reinforced with one or more “webs” 302, 303 of woven or un-woven reinforcement material. In select embodiments of the present invention, the webs 302, 303 of reinforcement material may comprise fabric incorporating polymer fibers. In select embodiments of the present invention, the webs 302, 303 of reinforcement material may comprise fabric incorporating polymer “strands” arranged in a matrix such that one set of strands runs at a “bias” (i.e., non-parallel) to the length, L, and the intersecting set of strands runs at a bias to the width, W, of the core 101. In select embodiments of the present invention, the finished “encapsulated” panel 306 has edges 307 that are also covered with sheets 102, 103 of elastic material that incorporate webs 302, 303 of reinforcement material.

Refer to FIG. 4 in which the same core 101 is shown as in FIGS. 1-3. In select embodiments of the present invention, the core 101 has one or more reinforcement layers 402, 403 externally added to the sheets 102, 103 of elastic material adhered to both sides 104 of the core 101. The type of elastic material in the sheets 102, 103 and method of application may be any of the types and methods used for the “double-sided” example of FIG. 1. In select embodiments of the present invention, the material of the reinforcement layers 402, 403 may comprise fabric incorporating polymer “strands” arranged in a matrix such that one set of strands runs parallel to the length, L, and the intersecting set of strands runs parallel to the width, W, of the core 101. Again, for select embodiments of the present invention the edges 107 of the core 101 need not be covered by the sheets 102, 103 of reinforced elastic material in order to achieve a desired level of performance.

Refer to FIG. 5A in which the same core 101 is shown as in FIGS. 1-4. In select embodiments of the present invention both sides 104 of the core 101 have sheets 102, 103 of an elastic material adhered thereto. However, the edges of the sheets 102, 103 of elastic material are allowed to overlap far enough to be joined together to create a “border” in which grommets 504 may be inserted for ease in hanging the resultant encapsulated panel 501. The type of elastic material in the sheets 102, 103 and method of application may be any of the types and methods used for the “double-sided” example of FIG. 1. Further, in select embodiments of the present invention, the elastic material in the sheets 102, 103 may be reinforced with one or more webs 502, 503 of woven or un-woven reinforcement material similar to that of FIG. 3. In select embodiments of the present invention, the web 502, 503 of reinforcement material may comprise fabric incorporating polymer fibers. In select embodiments of the present invention, the web 502, 503 of reinforcement material may comprise fabric incorporating polymer “strands” arranged in a matrix such that one set of strands runs at a “bias” (i.e., non-parallel) to the length, L, and the intersecting set of strands runs at a bias to the width, W, of the core 101. In select embodiments of the present invention incorporating a border as shown in the encapsulated panel 501, the web 502, 503 of reinforcement material may comprise fabric incorporating polymer “strands” arranged in a matrix that runs as shown in FIG. 4. Refer to FIG. 5B. In select embodiments of the present invention, loops (tabs) 506 may be sewn into the borders of the encapsulated panel 505 as an alternative to grommets 504.

Refer to FIG. 5C in which two configurations of attaching the overlapped edges of the sheets 102, 103 of elastic material of FIG. 5A are shown. On the viewer's left is shown the two sheets 102, 103 of elastic material as reinforced by webs 502, 503 of reinforcement material, being joined at the middle of the depth, d, of the resultant encapsulated panel 501. On the viewer's right is shown two un-reinforced sheets 102, 103 of elastic materials being joined in the same plane as one sheet 103 of elastic materials, i.e., at one side of the resultant panel 501. This latter configuration would facilitate the resultant panel 501 lying flatter against the surface to which it is mounted since the mounting item (e.g., an eyehook) would not need to protrude as far from the mounting surface to engage grommets 504.

In select embodiments of the present invention, sheets 102, 103 of elastic materials used for the “skin” of the composite may comprise a spun para-aramid fiber, e.g., KEVLAR®, ballistic grade E-glass, commercial E-glass, S2-glass, polypropylene thermoplastic sheet, polyurethane/polyurea-blended sheet, polyurethane films (with or without reinforcement), fiberglass, carbon fiber, metal mesh/grid fiber reinforced plastic (FRP), and the like. Where more than one layer of skin is applied as a sheet 102, 103, e.g., as a laminate, the layers may be of the same material and same thickness, same material different thicknesses, different materials of the same thickness or different materials of different thicknesses. Further, individual layers may be a composite of different material, e.g., a laminate of FRP and carbon fiber. The selection of materials depends on the amount of protection required and may also be subject to a cost/benefit constraint. The core 101 may comprise variants of hard armor material produced from high performance concretes, ceramics, quarried stone, various architectural armors, plastics and the like. To keep costs in line, portland cement-based VHSC's, such as COR-TUF™, are preferred.

In select embodiments of the present invention, a core 101 is prepared to accept one or more outer sheets 102, 103 of an elastic material, such as a polymer, by applying a compatible adhesive, such as an epoxy, to the sides 104 and to the surface of the sheets 102, 103 of elastic material, such as solid sheets of polymer, and mating the surfaces of the sheets 102, 103 to that of the surfaces of the sides 104 in accordance with the instructions of the adhesive manufacturer. In select embodiments of the present invention, the sheets 102, 103 may be attached via applying pressure to the back (top) surface of the sheets 102, 103 of elastic material. In select embodiments of the present invention, if the sheet 102, 103 of elastic material is applied in fluid form prior to curing to a flexible solid, e.g., either sprayed, brushed, trowelled or rolled on, the bonding mechanism is generally the fluid form of the elastic material itself, such as a sprayable polymer, and no adhesive is necessary. In select embodiments of the present invention, a “laid-up” composite panel 306 is then allowed to cure in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer of the material used to create the flexible solid sheets 102, 103 of elastic material.

In select embodiments of the present invention, the core 101 is a very high-strength, high-toughness cement-based material, e.g., a VHSC, that is very efficient at absorbing or reducing the kinetic energy of any impacting object, such as a fragment projected from a blast or deposited by wind.

In select embodiments of the present invention, one or more sheets 102, 103 of elastic material, such as a polymer sheet, trap impacting objects thereby increasing protection from airborne fragments as compared to the trapping capacity available from use of the core 101 alone. A sheet 102, 103 of elastic material, e.g., a polymer sheet, on the non-impact side (inside) 104 of a panel 306 provides added resistance to punching shear in the core 101. Additionally, facing a core 101 with a high tensile strength (high “toughness”) membrane on the impact side (outside) 104, further enhances the performance of the panel 306.

Select embodiments of the present invention may be employed in building construction products such as roofing tiles, wall panels, floor tiles, hurricane and tornado resistant structural elements, forced entry resistant structural elements and the like.

The ability to choose among many polymer materials for an appropriate sheet 102, 103 of elastic material makes various embodiments of the present invention suitable for use in a variety of military, first responder, commercial, industrial and consumer applications.

EXAMPLE I

Select embodiments of the panel of the present invention include a panel 306 having a core 101 comprising a portland cement-based composite material, such as COR-TUF™, that is completely encapsulated in a sheet 102, 103 of thermoplastic material bonded to the core 101 through application of heat and pressure. Because of the combined properties of the thermoplastic material and the COR-TUF™, select embodiments of the present invention are capable of blunting sharp edges of shrapnel resultant from an explosion. This blunting flattens airborne debris (or shrapnel) as it penetrates the core 101, thereby slowing it while decreasing the depth of penetration. Select embodiments of the present invention provide a composite panel 306 that has the compressive strength of high-performance concrete coupled with the additional capacity (toughness) to trap at least some impacting fragments in the encapsulation layers of the sheet 102, 103 of elastic material applied to both the impact (outside) side 104 and non-impact (inside) side 104 of the panel 306.

In select embodiments of the present invention, using COR-TUF™ as the core 101 of a panel 501 such as that of FIG. 5A, the core 101 is prepared according to any of the methods described in the '690 patent and cured. The cured COR-TUF™ core 101 is covered with sheets 102, 103 of thermoplastic (elastic) material, approximately 0.1-0.2 in. (2.5-5 mm) thick, cut so that the sheets 102, 103 overlap the core 101 by approximately three inches on each edge 107.

With the sheets 102, 103 of thermoplastic material placed beneath and over the core 101 the sheets 102, 103 are welded to each other through one of the following processes. While heat is applied to the sheets 102, 103 of thermoplastic material, mechanical pressure such as from weights, applied pressure or other clamping technique, is applied to the top and bottom edges of the sheets 102, 103 to melt the thermoplastic material of the sheets 102, 103 and to fuse the edges of the sheets 102, 103 of thermoplastic material together providing a completely encapsulated core 101 resulting in a panel such as the panel 501 of FIG. 5.

In select embodiments of the present invention a vacuum assist, coupled with the heating of the sheets 102, 103 of elastic material, may be used to withdraw any air from inside the confines of the two facing layers and draw the sheets 102, 103 of elastic material to the core 101 to thermally weld one sheet 102 of thermoplastic material to another sheet 103 of thermoplastic material.

Alternatively, in select embodiments of the present invention, a mechanical mold (not shown separately) may be employed. The mold may consist of top and bottom forms that are three inches larger on all sides than the core 101, and deep enough to surround the core 101 with resin (not shown separately) to a depth of about 0.20 inches. In select embodiments of the present invention, a resin incorporating reinforcing polymer fibers is injected around the core 101 in a manner similar to an injection molding process.

Alternatively, in select embodiments of the present invention, an adhesive may be applied to the internal side of the top and bottom sheets 102, 103 of elastic material and mechanical pressure applied to them to “weld” the sheets 102, 103 of elastic material around the core 101. This process bonds the outer sheets 102, 103 of elastic material to themselves and the core 101 as an alternative to a thermal welding process.

These processes are particularly suitable for making inexpensive thin panels 501 for use as armor. If the sheets 102, 103 of elastic material are impermeable to moisture, the core 101 will not gain any moisture after sealing the elastic material of the sheets 102, 103. This is important in areas where any freezing water in a porous concrete core 101 may cause cracking or if the core 101 is reinforced with steel that may corrode upon introduction of moisture.

In select embodiments of the present invention, panels 306, 501 made from these processes may be produced in size and thickness to accommodate man-portability. These man-portable panels 306, 501 may be configured for attaching to a structural framework to produce a protective system for mitigation of blast and fragmentation effects. Further, resistance to dynamic pressure forces makes these embodiments suitable as a panel to resist collateral damage due to hurricanes and tornadoes.

EXAMPLE II

Select embodiments of the panels of the present invention comprise a core 101 of a high-performance concrete such as COR-TUF™ coupled with an elastomeric “skin” consisting of a blend of polyurethane and polyurea that hardens to a tough, elastic sheet (coating) 102, 103 bonded to the core 101.

The polyurethane/polyurea sheet (coating) 102, 103 is applied to the core 101 by suitable means, such as a pressure driven spray gun. The sheet (coating) 102, 103 is applied at ambient temperature by means of multiple passes to build up a sheet thickness of about 1/16 to 1½ inches (1.5 mm-38 mm). For select embodiments of the present invention, the sheet (coating) 102, 103 dries to the touch within 30 seconds and achieves full strength within 24 hours of application.

The bonding of the sheet (coating) 102, 103 of elastic material to the core 101 reduces or eliminates spalling of debris and strike-face chipping by confining fragments behind the sheet (coating) 102, 103 at the front and back faces of resultant panels 306. The resultant panel 306 reduces or eliminates hazards from shock; fragments, projectiles and debris that may strike the panel 306; and reduces or eliminates injuries associated with flying objects. Equipping the panel 306 with sheets (coatings) 102, 103 of this type also minimizes the tendency towards forward momentum of the panel 306 that would accompany ejection of material on the impact side (outside) 104 of the panel 306. Further, the integrity of a significant thickness (greater than ¾″) of a polyurethane/polyurea sheet (coating) 102, 103 has been found to be better than that achieved by adhesively laminating multiple thin polymer sheets 102, 103.

EXAMPLE III

Select embodiments of the present invention comprise a core 101 of a high-performance concrete, such as COR-TUF™, coupled with an applied elastomeric sheet (skin) 102, 103 comprising a blend of polyurethane and polyurea material augmented with an aramid reinforcing layer 302, 303 that is embedded into the blend before the mix hardens to a tough, elastic sheet (coating) 102, 103 bonded to the core 101.

In select embodiments of the present invention, the aramid component comprises strands of the aramid woven into a reinforcing fabric 302, 303. The reinforcing fabric 302, 303 may be composed of one type or a combination of types of strands oriented at various angles to the long axis, L, of the core 101, e.g. oriented as a matrix of fibers, one set at 90° to another to form a matrix (checkerboard), one axis of the matrix aligned along the length, L, of the core 101. In select embodiments of the present invention, an alternate alignment aligns the same matrix as above and aligns it at a 45° angle (i.e., “on a bias”) to the length, L, of the core 101. In select embodiments of the present invention, the reinforcing fabric 302, 303 is cut to the desired size to fit one or more sides 104 of the core 101 and affixed to the sides 104 before a spray-on elastomer is applied to cure as an elastic sheet 102, 103. The reinforcing fabric 302, 303 may be affixed to both the front and back sides 104 of the core 101 or cut to completely enclose the core 101 as shown in the encapsulated panel 306.

As in Example II, in select embodiments of the present invention, a polyurethane/polyurea material is applied and cured as a sheet (coating) 102, 103 to an aramid covered core 101 by suitable means, such as a pressure driven spray gun. The polyurethane/polyurea material is applied to the core 101 at ambient temperature and pressure and by means of multiple passes to build up a thickness of about 1/16 to 1½ inches (1.5 mm-38 mm). The polyurethane/polyurea material dries to the touch within 30 seconds and achieves full strength within 24 hours of application. The polyurethane/polyurea material may be applied to one side 104 of the core 101, both sides 104 of the core 101, or both sides 104 and all four edges 107 of the core 101 to fully encapsulate the core 101 as shown in the panel 306.

In select embodiments of the present invention, the polyurethane/polyurea material saturates the threads of the reinforcement cloth 302, 303, e.g., aramid strands, and penetrates to the sides 104 and covered edges 307 of the core 101. The bonding of the polyurethane/polyurea material to the reinforcement cloth 302, 303 and the core 101 produces a sheet 102, 103 of elastic material that reduces spalling of debris from the front and back sides 104 of the core 101 as well as the covered edges 307. An aramid reinforcement cloth 302, 303 provides an increase of tensile strength (toughness) in the resultant composite panel 306.

The use of aramid as the reinforcement cloth 302, 303 adds a level of flexural failure resistance (toughness) to the resultant panel 306 when under load from a blast. Availability of aramid cloth 302, 303 woven at custom orientations allows a user to specify axis-specific material properties that are beneficial to enhancing the structural capacities of the resultant panels 306. The additional expense of the aramid employed in the reinforcement cloth 302, 303 may limit the use of these panels 306 to fragile or high-value targets.

EXAMPLE IV

Select embodiments of the present invention comprise a core 101 of a high-performance concrete such as COR-TUF™ coupled with a facing of a thin elastomeric sheet (membrane) 102, 103 on one or both sides 104 of the core 101. The elastomeric sheet (membrane) 102, 103 may contain embedded reinforcement 302, 303 in a grid or mesh configuration that may be oriented in various geometries (compare FIG. 3 to FIG. 4) to establish desired performance characteristics for specific applications.

In select embodiments of the present invention, the thin-film elastomeric sheets (membranes) 102, 103 may comprise polymer resin systems of the type: polyurethane, polyurea, polyethylene, polypropylene, commercial elastomeric polymers, and combinations thereof. The thickness of the applied elastomeric membrane 102, 103 may be varied between about 20 mils to 0.5 inches (0.5-12.5 mm). In select embodiments of the present invention, a thin-film sheet (membrane) 102, 103 is affixed to a core 101 by means of an adhesive compatible with both the material of the core 101 and the thin-film sheet (membrane) 102, 103.

In select embodiments of the present invention, the sheet (membrane) 102, 103 may be reinforced. Reinforcement cloth 302, 303 may be provided in grid or mesh configuration and embedded into the sheet (membrane) 102, 103 of elastic material as shown in FIGS. 3, 4 and 5A. In select embodiments of the present invention, the reinforcement cloth 302, 303 may be adhered separately (not shown separately) between the core 101 and the elastomeric sheet (membrane) 102, 103. The reinforcement cloth (matrix) 302, 303 may be of the following types: spun para-aramid fiber (e.g., KEVLAR®), fiberglass, carbon fiber, polypropylene, nylon, polyethylene, commercially available geo-grid materials, commercially available geo-fabric materials, metallic grids, metallic meshes, metallic membranes, combinations thereof, and the like. The reinforcement cloth 302, 303 may be oriented as a matrix (grid or mesh) of fibers, one set of fibers at 90° to another to form a matrix (grid or mesh), one axis of the matrix aligned along the length, L, of the core 101, as shown in FIG. 4. In select embodiments of the present invention, an alternate alignment aligns the same matrix at an angle less than 90° as shown in FIG. 3, e.g., a 45° angle (i.e., “on a bias”) to the length, L, of the core 101.

The bonding of the thin film elastomeric sheets (membranes) 102, 103 to the core 101 reduces spalling of debris from the front and back sides 104 and edges 107 of the core 101. A resultant panel 306 reduces or eliminates hazards from shock; fragments, projectiles and debris that may strike the panel 306; and reduces or eliminates injuries associated with airborne objects that impact the panel 306. Equipping the panel 306 with thin film sheets (membranes) 102, 103 of this type also minimizes the tendency towards forward momentum of the panel 306 that would accompany ejection of material from an impact side 104 of the panel 306.

Further, select embodiments of the present invention employing adhered thin film sheets (membranes) 102, 103 have the potential for manufacture in remote or austere locations using a minimal amount of specialized equipment. This may significantly reduce cost, including transportation, where the panels 306 are to be used near the site of fabrication.

EXAMPLE V

Select embodiments of the present invention comprise a core 101 of a high-performance concrete such as COR-TUF™ backed with layers of polymer sheets 102, 103 and fiber reinforcement 302, 303 as in FIG. 3, for example. In select embodiments of the present invention, the reinforced polymer sheets 102, 302, 103, 303 may employ components comprising at least: spun para-aramid fiber (e.g., KEVLAR®), ballistic grade E-glass, commercial E-glass, S2-glass, polypropylene thermoplastic sheet, polyurethane/polyurea blended sheet, polyurethane films, fiberglass, carbon fiber, metal mesh fiber reinforced plastic (FRP), grid FRP, combinations thereof, and the like.

In select embodiments of the present invention, the reinforced polymer sheets 102, 302, 103, 303 may be pre-fabricated sheets or be provided in a package of reinforcement fabric webs 302, 303 and a polymer in fluid form for local application, such as brush-on, trowel-on or spray-on formulations. In select embodiments of the present invention, the reinforcement cloth 302, 303 may be either a self-contained layer of woven material that may be sandwiched between layers of polymer sheets 102, 103 or a woven mesh that is embedded in a thermoplastic polymer (resin) system that is sprayed, brushed or troweled over the mesh, thus encapsulating the strands of the mesh. The reinforcement cloth 302, 303 may be oriented as a matrix (grid or mesh) of fibers, one fiber set at 90° to another to form a matrix (grid or mesh), one axis of the matrix aligned along the length, L, of the core 101. In select embodiments of the present invention, an alternate alignment aligns the same matrix on a bias to the length, L, of the core 101 as discussed above.

In select embodiments of the present invention, polymer sheets 102, 103 are bonded to the back (non-impact) side 104 of the core 101 to provide toughness and spall protection. In select embodiments of the present invention, both the back and front sides 104 of the core 101 may incorporate polymer sheets 102, 103. The same type and thickness of polymer sheet 102, 103 need not be used on the front side 104 as the back side 104 and either or both sides 104 may incorporate reinforcement cloth 302, 303 in the polymer sheets 102, 103 as the user's application dictates. Select embodiments of the present invention provide a modular panel 306 that allows tailoring protection levels to user needs and flexibility in applied configurations and geometry.

Further, select embodiments of the present invention employing adhered, brushed, sprayed-on, or troweled-on polymer coatings (sheets) 102, 103 have the potential for manufacture in remote or austere locations using a minimal amount of specialized equipment. This may significantly reduce cost, including transportation, for panels 306 to be used in the vicinity of their fabrication.

EXAMPLE VI

Select embodiments of the present invention comprise a core 101 of a high-performance armor material, e.g., COR-TUF™, coupled with reinforcement of rigid, yet elastic, polymer sheets 102, 103 on one or both sides 104 of the core 101. The polymer sheets 102, 103 may be any rigid, yet elastic, composite comprising a suitable binder/hardener and material of the type comprising: spun para-aramid fibers (e.g., KEVLAR®); ballistic grade E-glass; commercial E-glass; S2-glass; polypropylene thermoplastic sheet; polyurethane/polyurea blended sheet; polyurethane films (with or without reinforcement); fiberglass, carbon fiber reinforced plastic (FRP), metal mesh FRP, combinations thereof, and the like. The component materials used in these embodiments of the present invention obtain strength and toughness qualities by appropriate choice of the type and quantity of component materials, balancing cost with the required performance in each application.

In select embodiments of the present invention, the core 101 may comprise any of various hard armor materials such as that produced from high performance concretes including VHSCs, ceramics, quarried stone or various architectural armors. In select embodiments of the present invention, once fabricated, the sides 104 of the core 101 are prepared to accept a sheet 102, 103 comprising a rigid, yet elastic, outer layer of polymer material by applying a compatible adhesive to the applicable sides 104 of the core 101 that will be bonded to the sheets 102, 103 of rigid, yet elastic, polymer material. In select embodiments of the present invention, adhesive is also applied to the inner surface (not shown separately) of the sheets 102, 103 of rigid, yet elastic, polymer material. Following the adhesive manufacturer's recommended procedures, the core 101 and the sheets 102, 103 of rigid, yet elastic, polymer material are mated and pressure applied to the outer surface of the sheets 102, 103 of rigid, yet elastic, polymer material as provided for in the adhesive manufacturer's instructions for use.

In select embodiments of the present invention, the multi-part rigid, yet elastic, sheets 102, 103 allow a user to tailor configurations for specific applications while optimizing a cost/performance ratio. These embodiments have excellent toughness to resist blast and ballistic penetration forces.

EXAMPLE VII

Select embodiments of the present invention comprise a core 101 of a high-performance armor material, e.g., COR-TUF™, coupled with one or more combinations of polymer sheets (layers) 102, 103 with or without reinforcement 302, 303 added to one or more sides 104 of the core 101. For example, a polymer sheet (coating) 102, 103 that is sprayed on a core 101 may be supplemented with a rigid, yet elastic, polymer sheet 102, 103 that sandwiches a reinforcement mesh 302, 303 between the rigid, yet elastic, polymer sheet 102, 103 and the sprayed on sheet (coating) 102, 103 for enhanced protection. In select embodiments of the present invention, an alternative may be the use of multiple thin flexible polymer sheets (membranes) 102, 103 with a reinforcement mesh 302, 303 between each layer on one side 104 of the core 101 to improve penetration and blast resistance of a core 101 having but a single sheet (membrane) 102, 103 or rigid, yet elastic, polymer sheet 102, 103 on that one side 104. In select embodiments of the present invention, an alternative embodiment sprays a coating of a polyurethane and polyurea to create a sheet (coating) 102, 103 on a core 101 having existing elastic sheets (membranes) 102, 103 or rigid, yet elastic, polymer sheets 102, 103 already affixed in order to seal out moisture from the edges 107, to make it easier to handle by reducing sharp edges 107, and to further enhance resistance to blast and fragment penetration.

EXAMPLE VIII

Select embodiments of the present invention comprise one or more cores 101 of a high-performance armor material, e.g., COR-TUF™, each core 101 coupled with one or more polymer sheets (layers) 102, 103 with or without reinforcement cloth 302, 303 added to one or more sides 104 of each core 101. For example, a polymer sheet (coating) 102, 103 that is sprayed on one or more sides 104 of one or more of the cores 101 may be supplemented with a rigid, yet elastic, polymer sheet 102, 103 that sandwiches a reinforcement cloth mesh 302, 303 between the rigid, yet elastic, polymer sheet 102, 103 and the sprayed on sheet (coating) 102, 103 for enhanced protection. In select embodiments of the present invention, an alternative embodiment may use multiple elastic thin polymer sheets (membranes) 102, 103 with a reinforcement cloth mesh 302, 303 between each two thin polymer sheets (membranes) 102, 103 and the one or more faces 104 of one or more cores 101 to improve penetration and blast resistance of those cores 101 having a single membrane 102, 103 or rigid, yet elastic, polymer sheet 102, 103 on those faces 104. Another alternative may involve spray coating a polyurethane and polyurea coating 102, 103 on one or more cores 101 having existing elastic membranes 102, 103 or rigid, yet elastic, polymer sheets 102, 103 already affixed to seal out moisture from the edges 107, to make it easier to handle by eliminating sharp edges 107, and to further enhance resistance to blast and fragment penetration.

Refer to FIG. 6 depicting, for clarity only, an elevation view of a single box-shaped base platform unit 600 and single panel 100 installed thereon as may be employed in select embodiments of the present invention. In select embodiments of the present invention, the frame module 1400 for holding the panels 100 comprises a number of tubular cross members 603, pairs of which are “movably arranged” in an “X” pattern (see FIG. 13) on each of the base platform unit's four sides to comprise a basic “backbone” in compression. Pairs of wires 602, such as braided wires, parallel to the respective side on which they are placed and located at the top and bottom of each side of the frame module 1400, provide tension between each end of each pair of parallel sides of the frame module 1400 to hold the frame module 1400 in position for accepting the panels 100. The cross members 603 are “movably” (loosely) pinned to permit limited pivoting on the pins (not shown separately) affixing the cross members 603 to the bottom 606 and top 607 plates and are joined in the center by joining means 604, such as a contained rod or a clevis pin, where each pair of cross members 603 cross along a side. The joining means 604 permit pivoting of the cross members 603 in the plane of the respective sides of the frame module 1400. Connection at the ends of each cross member 603 is by suitable means, such as clevis pins or rivets, the cross members 603 fitting in two slots 808 (FIG. 8) perpendicular one to the other, at the bottom 606 and top 607 plates that comprise the corners of the “foldable” portion (frame module 1400) of the base platform unit 600. Likewise, the pairs of wires 602 on each of the four sides of the frame module 1400 are connected perpendicular to and between each of the parallel sides by end connectors fitted to holes 805 in 811, 911 (FIGS. 8 and 9) in each of the top 607 and bottom 606 plates, respectively. Note that in select embodiments of the present invention the top tabs 911 may be used for z-bars 601 that provide a top support for bottom panels 100 and a bottom support for panels 100 placed on “stacked” frame modules 1400. Together with the adjustable bases 605 on which the basic frame module 1400 rests at each of four corners of the base frame module 1400, the panels 100 when mounted in z-bars 601 fitted to mounting tabs 809 at the top 607 and bottom 606 plates, respectively, of the longitudinal sides of length, L, provide the degree of physical protection specified by a user. The adjustable bases 605 comprise a top (or bearing) plate 605A, a bottom (or support) plate 605B, an adjusting through bolt 605C and necessary internal assemblies to support and permit one-handed adjustment of the height, h (FIG. 11), of the adjustable base 605. In select embodiments of the present invention, the top and bottom z-bars 601 for each frame module 1400 may be further secured by straps 1600 (FIG. 16) that are tensioned at each end by tensioning means, such as ratchets 1601, affixed to holes 804 (FIGS. 8, 9) in the bottom 606 and top 607 plates, respectively, at the time of installation as further explained below. In select embodiments of the present invention, the frame module 1400 is configured such that it may be disassembled and “collapsed” for transport as shown in FIG. 14, as discussed further below. The dimensions of length, L, width, W (FIG. 7), and height, H, are chosen to permit frame modules 1400 of select embodiments of the present invention to be carried and assembled without the use of lifting machinery.

Refer to FIG. 7, a top view, shown for clarity, of the base platform unit 600 of FIG. 6 that may be employed in embodiments of the present invention. The top z-bars 601 are evident along the length, L, of the base platform unit 600 as fitted onto tabs 809 (FIG. 8) parallel to the length, L, and along the “outside” edge of the top plates 607. Note that, although not evident in this view, a second set of z-bars 601 runs along the bottom of each of the front and back sides, L. Also evident in FIG. 7, are the top tensioning wires 602 as readily seen running parallel to the width, W, of the base platform unit 600. Note that, although not evident in this view, a second set of tensioning wires 602 runs along the bottom of each of the four sides, L and W and the top of sides, L. Note also that, in select embodiments of the present invention, the z-bars 601 do not extend to the end of the sides, L, although the emplaced panels 100 may since the z-bars 601 have open ends. In select embodiments of the present invention, multiple panels 100 may be emplaced one upon the other in the slots of the z-bars 601 (that are made sufficiently deep to accommodate multiple “stacked” panels) to create a greater thickness, preferably in such a manner that the overlaying panels 100 cover the intersection between panels 100 in the layer below. In select embodiments of the present invention, a different thickness (either panel type or the total overlaid number of panels 100) may be used on each side, L, depending on a user's requirements.

Refer to FIG. 8, a top view A of a bottom plate 606, as well as elevation views B, C of the two outer sides of the bottom plate 606 that may be employed in embodiments of the present invention, one of four such bottom plates 606 on the frame module 1400. In the top view A, the opening 807 is for a pin (not shown separately) to both align and join the bottom plate 606 to either an adjustable base 605 or a top plate 607, the latter when extending the height of an installation of frame modules 1400. Also shown are openings 804 in the base 810 of the bottom plate 606 that may be used for affixing the end 1602 of a tension adjustment strap 1600 from a z-bar 601 to the bottom plate 606. The base 810 of the bottom plate 606 is shown with a channel 808 for securing at right angles one to the other two of the cross members 603 therein by means of pins (not shown separately) through holes 806 in the sides of the channel 808 as seen in the elevation views B, C. The pins are loosely fitted, permitting the pivoting of the cross members 603 in the plane of the securing tabs 811, i.e., along the edge of the frame module 1400 in which the cross member 603 lies. For the bottom plates 606, the tabs 809 are “folded” from the base plate in the same direction as the securing tabs 811 for affixing the cross members 603 and the tension wires 602. The connection tabs 809 may also serve as connection tabs for the z-bars 601 and are shown most clearly on the opposing corners of the outer edges of the base 810 of the bottom plate 606 as seen in the elevation views B, C. In select embodiments of the present invention, the tabs 809 are presented on both of the outer sides of the base 810 of the bottom plate 606 to permit the installation of frame modules 1400 at right angles to one another.

Refer to FIG. 9, a top view A of a top plate 607, as well as elevation views B, C of the two outer sides of the top plate 607 that may be employed in embodiments of the present invention, one of four such top plates 607 on the frame module 1400. In select embodiments of the present invention, although similar to the bottom plates 606 with respect to all aspects including the two tabs 907 arising from the base 910, the top plates have connection tabs 911 on the opposite side of the base 910 from the two tabs 907. This arrangement facilitates mating the bottom 606 and top 607 plates to permit vertical stacking of the frame modules 1400. The top plates 607 also incorporate a rivet 905 and slot 906 arrangement in the two vertical tabs 907. The rivet 905 and slot 906 arrangement is provided for securing individual frame modules 1400 one to another at their respective tops, vertical tabs 907 of top plates 607 on one end of each of the top plates 607 having a slot 906 and on the other end of the top plate 607 having a rivet 905. The orientation of the rivet 905 and slot 906 arrangement of the top plates 607 is reversed at opposite ends of the frame module 1400 to permit connection of adjacent frame modules 1400. That is, in select embodiments of the present invention, the top plates 607 are specifically configured to fit to the bottom plates 606 so as to permit “stacking” of the frame modules 1400 to make a high protective barrier, an example of which is shown in FIG. 15 stacked two high.

Refer to FIG. 10, shown for clarity only, a cross section taken through the bottom of the corners of three adjacent frame modules 1400. FIG. 10 depicts a top view of the three bottom plates 606. FIG. 10 illustrates how in select embodiments of the present invention a corner is formed using three frame modules 1400, only two of which are shown with a panel 100 installed in the z-bars 601. Note the threaded adjustment rod 605C shown to indicate the position of the adjustable base 605 in relation to the three bottom plates 606 as installed in base platform units 600.

Refer to FIG. 11, an elevation view of an adjustable base unit 605 that may be used with embodiments of the present invention to adjust the height of individual frame modules 1400 to match frame modules 1400 connected therewith as base platform units 600. In select embodiments of the present invention, a threaded rod 605C with an appropriate end nut (not shown separately) for applying a socket wrench or the like, is threaded through a threaded collar 1101 in a rest plate 605A on which a corner of a frame module 1400 rests. The support base 605B for the adjustable base unit 605 is of the same general dimensions as the rest plate 605A, further including a collar 1103 reinforced via a ramped configuration 1102, the collar 1103 for receiving and supporting the threaded rod 605C.

Refer to FIG. 12 showing top and end 601A views of a z-bar 601 employed to hold panels 100 onto individual frame modules 1400 as may be used in embodiments of the present invention. Note the slot configurations 1201 added to the z-bars 601 for affixing the z-bars 601 to the tabs 809, 907 along the length, L, at the bottom and top of frame modules 1400, respectively.

Refer to FIG. 13, a perspective of the basic structure of a frame module 1400 expanded for installation of z-bars 601 and panels 100 (not shown separately in FIG. 13), to include z-bars 601, compression 603 and members in tension 602 and top 607 and bottom 606 plates (connectors) that may be used with embodiments of the present invention. Note that, in select embodiments of the present invention, z-bars 601, and consequently panels 100, may be installed only on one longitudinal side, L, in some applications. Further, double thicknesses of panels 100, i.e., panels placed one on top of the other, may be installed in the z-bars 601 on one side, L, while a single panel is installed in the z-bars 601 on the opposing side, L, in select embodiments. Normally, no z-bars 601 and thus, no panels 100 are installed along the width, W, of the frame modules 1400. Rather, the configuration of FIG. 10 is used to change direction of the resultant barrier.

Refer to FIG. 14, as depicted for clarity only, a perspective of the basic structure of a frame module 1400 collapsed for transportation or storage, without z-bars 601 and members in tension (wires) 602, as may be used in select embodiments of the present invention. The necessity for “loose” fittings of the pins in the top 607 and bottom 606 plates as well as at the “tie” pin 604 (FIG. 6) at the mid-connection of cross members 603 in each side of the frame module 1400 is evident from FIG. 14, a frame module 1400 collapsed for storage or transport.

Refer to FIG. 15, an elevation view of one side of a “protective” wall 1500 comprised of box-shaped frame modules 1400 of select embodiments of the present invention. The section of wall 1500 comprises three long by two high interconnected frame modules 1400 and a single installed panel 100 thereon for illustration purposes only. Note that the bottom of each base platform unit 600 is “secured” to its neighbor by a common adjustable base unit 605 while the tab 905 and slot 906 arrangement available at the top plate 607 of each frame module 1400 secures the individual frame modules 1400 to each other at their respective tops.

Refer to FIG. 16, top A and elevation B views of a strap 1600 that may be employed to tighten a wire (not shown separately) used to constrain the z-bars 601 as installed with inserted panels 100 in the frame modules 1400 of an embodiment of the present invention. The strap 1600 comprises a hook 1602 at one end for inserting in holes 804 in the top 607 or bottom 606 plates as appropriate and a ratchet 1601 at the other end for tensioning the wire (not shown separately) attached to the strap and one of the holes 804 in the top 607 or bottom 606 plate as appropriate. In select embodiments of the present invention, the wire attached to the strap 1600 is “pre-attached” one to each end of a z-bar 601 to facilitate shipping and installation of the z-bars 601 on the frame modules 1400.

Refer to FIGS. 17-18 and 26. FIGS. 17-18 depict two walls 170 as may be built using select embodiments of the present invention with frames 171 connected on one end of each wall 170 for holding panels 180 that make the frames 171 suitable for use as stair steps for accessing the tops to the walls 170 when the frames 171 are built and attached so as to provide for ascending to a higher level using the “stair steps” 171, 180 created thereby. FIG. 26 depicts detail of the panels 180 that may be used in select embodiments of the present invention.

Refer to FIGS. 19-22 and 27. FIGS. 19-22 depict the next step involved in bridging a roof structure across the two walls 170. The detail of the top of a wall 170 is shown in FIG. 20 prior to installation of the roof bars 190, shown in perspective in FIG. 19 and in detail in FIG. 21. Using the stair steps 171, 180 for access as shown in FIG. 22, roof bars 190 are placed along the top longitudinal edges of the walls 170 to permit addition of a roof such as may comprise a lightweight decking 220, such as Composolite®. FIG. 27 provides detail of the roof bars 190 in top and bottom isometric, plan and edge views.

Refer to FIG. 28 showing detail of roof frames 281 and joists 282, 283 for a protective double roof as may be used with select embodiments of the present invention.

Refer to FIGS. 23-24 depicting completion of a simple cover 230 between two walls 170 as may be used in select embodiments of the present invention. As shown in detail in FIG. 24, this simple cover 230 would provide little protection other than visual security from above, shade or dry storage.

Refer to FIG. 25 showing lightweight decking, such as Composolite® resting on roof bars with z-bars 601 providing some redundant support in case of flexing.

Refer to FIGS. 28-29 showing detail of roof frames 281 and upper 282 and lower 283 bar joists for spanning between walls 170 as may be used with select embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 29 depicts alternative cross braces 291, one alternative being similar to the cross braces 603 used for the walls 170, as may be used with the roof supports 281.

Refer to FIG. 30-31 showing a perspective view of the roof frames 281 (FIG. 30 without cross braces 291, FIG. 31 with) as installed for purposes of building a two-layer protective roof.

Refer to FIG. 32 with lightweight decking 321, such as that composed of E-glass, installed over the walls 170 alone.

Refer to FIG. 33 depicting a perspective view of lower bar joists 283 installed prior to applying the first roof layer.

Refer to FIG. 34 depicting a perspective view of the first roof layer 341 which may comprise light weight decking, such as that composed of E-glass.

Refer to FIG. 35 depicting a perspective view of upper bar joists 282 installed prior to applying the second roof layer.

Refer to FIG. 36 depicting a perspective view of the second roof layer 361 which may comprise light protective decking, such as that employed for the panels 100 of the walls 170.

Refer to FIGS. 37-39 depicting perspective (FIG. 37), end elevation perspective (FIG. 38), and side elevation perspective (FIG. 39) views of an open-ended completed protective structure 370 of an embodiment of the present invention with the stair steps 171, 180 removed.

Refer to FIG. 40 showing an end elevation view of an open-ended completed structure 370 of an embodiment of the present invention.

Refer to FIG. 41 showing a building 411 protected by an open-ended completed structure 370 of an embodiment of the present invention.

Refer to FIG. 42 showing a side elevation view of an open-ended completed structure 370 of an embodiment of the present invention.

Refer to FIG. 43 showing details of a roof support 281, including detail, plan and edge views, as may be used with select embodiments of the present invention.

Refer to FIG. 44 showing details of a bar joist 282, including perspective detail, plan and edge views, as may be used with select embodiments of the present invention.

Refer to FIG. 45 comparing perspective and end elevation, perspective side elevation, and isometric views of a completed protective structure 370 as representative of select embodiments of the present invention.

Refer to FIG. 46 depicting a completed open-ended protective structure 370 supplemented with protective end walls 461 to cover exposed ends as representative of select embodiments of the present invention.

Refer to FIG. 47 depicting detail of an alternative end structure for both upper 282 and lower 283 bar joists as may be used with select embodiments of the present invention.

Refer to FIG. 48 depicting detail for roof frames 281 as may be used with select embodiments of the present invention.

In embodiments of the invention all modules (components) used in constructing a protective wall, roof, or complete enclosure are “human portable,” i.e., no specialized mechanical equipment (e..g, cranes, forklift, etc.) is required for handling, packaging for transport, unloading, assembling and/or fabrication of the individual components into a finished protective structure, regardless of the particular configuration.

In embodiments of the invention, for example shown in FIG. 49, a human portable, modular double joist assembly (285) comprises an upper bar joist, a lower bar joist and two roof frames; said (i) a lower bar joist (283) having two opposed ends and comprising a plurality of lower bar joist middle sections (283M) connected to each other in an end-to-end configuration to form a center section of said lower bar joist having two opposed ends, and having two lower bar joist end sections (283E), each of said lower bar joist end sections having a distal end (283E-D) and a proximal end (283E-P), the proximal ends of each lower bar joist end section being attached to an opposed end of said center section of said lower bar joist; wherein the distal ends of said two lower bar joist end sections also define the opposed ends of said lower bar joist; and wherein said two opposed ends of said lower bar joist are each in contact with a lower contact portion (281L) of one of the two roof frames (281), (ii) said roof frames having said lower contact portion and an upper contact portion (281U), said (iii) a upper bar joist (282) having two opposed ends and comprising a plurality of upper bar joist middle sections (282M) connected to each other in an end-to-end configuration to form a center section of said upper bar joist having two opposed ends, and having two upper bar joist end sections (282E), each of said upper bar joist end sections having a distal end (282E-D) and a proximal end (282E-P), the proximal ends of each upper bar joist end section being attached to an opposed end of said center section of said upper bar joist; wherein the distal ends of said two upper bar joist end sections also define the opposed ends of said upper bar joist; and wherein said two opposed ends of said upper bar joist are each in contact with an upper contact portion (281U) of one of the two roof frames (281), and wherein said upper bar joist, a lower bar joist and two roof frames define an inner, enclosed portion (288).

In embodiments of the invention, for example shown in FIG. 50 and FIG. 51, a human portable, modular double roof assembly comprises (i) (n+1) modular double joist assemblies (285) arranged successively, at a depth distance D from one another, along and on top of substantially parallel walls, and said double joist assemblies being substantially perpendicular to one another, wherein said double joist assemblies are configured at both upper (282) and lower (283) joist assemblies to receive upper panel pieces and lower panel pieces; (ii) upper roof panel pieces to completely fill an upper space between said (n+1) successive double joist assemblies (285), (iii) lower roof panel pieces to completely fill a lower space between said (n+1) successive double joist assemblies (285), wherein n=1 to 20 and wherein an enclosed cavity (388) is therein defined.

In embodiments of the invention, for example shown in FIG. 52, a human portable, modular, extended width double joist assembly (385) comprises an upper bar joist, a lower bar joist, diagonal bracing and two roof frames; said (i) a lower bar joist having two opposed ends and comprising a plurality of lower bar joist middle sections connected to each other in an end-to-end configuration to form a center section of said lower bar joist having two opposed ends, and having two lower bar joist end sections, each of said lower bar joist end sections having a distal end and a proximal end, the proximal ends of each lower bar joist end section being attached to an opposed end of said center section of said lower bar joist; wherein the distal ends of said two lower bar joist end sections also define the opposed ends of said lower bar joist; and wherein said two opposed ends of said lower bar joist are each in contact with a lower contact portion of one of the two roof frames, (ii) said roof frames having said lower contact portion and an upper contact portion, said (iii) a upper bar joist having two opposed ends and comprising a plurality of upper bar joist middle sections connected to each other in an end-to-end configuration to form a center section of said upper bar joist having two opposed ends, and having two upper bar joist end sections, each of said upper bar joist end sections having a distal end and a proximal end, the proximal ends of each upper bar joist end section being attached to an opposed end of said center section of said upper bar joist; wherein the distal ends of said two upper bar joist end sections also define the opposed ends of said upper bar joist; and wherein said two opposed ends of said upper bar joist are each in contact with an upper contact portion of one of the two roof frames, and wherein said upper bar joist, a lower bar joist and two roof frames define an inner, enclosed portion; and wherein said enclosed portion contains at least one pair of diagonally oriented cross-braces (387) connecting said upper bar joist to said lower bar joist.

In embodiments of the invention, for example shown in FIG. 52, the double joist assembly of 385 has upper and lower bar joists equal in length. In embodiments of the invention, for example shown in FIG. 49, the double joist assembly of 285 has upper and lower bar joists unequal in length. Also shown in FIG. 52 is the concept of having multiple roof sections on either side of the roof brace, in this instance an inverted “T” shape brace.

Adjacent sections of double joist assembly may have diagonal bracing between either upper bar joist sections, lower bar joist sections, or both. Typically, diagonal bracing is not necessary between adjacent sections of double joist assembly. This is an advantage of the invention wherein personnel can maneuver within the confines of the space during the final stages of assembly quickly, without having to maneuver around such diagonal bracing between adjacent sections of double joist assembly 285 or 385 (extended width).

In embodiments of the invention, for example shown in FIG. 54, the roof frame has an inverted “T” shape. FIG. 53 shows a roof frame having an “I” shape. The roof frame may be “L” shaped as shown in FIG. 49.

In embodiments of the invention, the roof assembly is supported on walls are selected from the group consisting of modular walls, concrete walls, soil revetments and combinations thereof.

In embodiments of the invention, the roof assembly has lower and/or upper roof panel pieces having skin materials (102,103) which are selected from the group consisting of spun para-aramid fiber, ballistic-grade E-glass, commercial E-glass, S2-glass, polypropylene thermoplastic sheet, polyurethane/polyurea-blended sheet, polyurethane films (with or without reinforcement), fiberglass, carbon fiber, metal mesh/grid fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) and combinations thereof.

In embodiments of the invention, the roof assembly has lower and/or upper roof panel pieces with core materials (101) which are selected from the group consisting of high performance concretes, ceramics, quarried stone, architectural armors and portland cement-based VHSC's.

In embodiments of the invention, the roof assembly may have multiple layers of upper roof panel pieces, and the thickness may be from 2 inches to 10 inches, or from 4 inches to 6 inches.

In embodiments of the invention, an advantage of the invention is that shipping containers may be pre-packaged with “kits” comprising all the pieces necessary to manufacture any possible configuration for transportation to their intended assembly site.

In embodiments of the invention, a further advantage is that connections may be made without the use of traditional fasteners (nuts/bolts) and therefore eliminating the need for special hand tools and/or torquing requirements which may be difficult to obtain and/or accomplish in a field environment. Pin connections may be used between joists and roof frames as shown in FIGS. 53, 54 & 55. A sliding collar which locks in place with locking, sliding pins may be used to connect adjacent sections of upper and/or lower bar joists as is shown in FIG. 56.

Field assembly factors are various, including unlevel terrain, other difficult conditions causing concern for personnel such as sniper fire, bad weather or wind, etc. and for that reason all elements may not be true, plumb, and/or level. For that reason, “substantially perpendicular” in this application may mean 90°±5°, or even 90°±10°. For the same reasons “substantially parallel” in this application may mean ±5° from parallel, or even ±10° from parallel. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A human portable, modular double joist assembly (285) comprising an upper bar joist, a lower bar joist and two roof frames; said (i) a lower bar joist (283) having two opposed ends and comprising a plurality of lower bar joist middle sections (283M) connected to each other in an end-to-end configuration to form a center section of said lower bar joist having two opposed ends, and having two lower bar joist end sections (283E), each of said lower bar joist end sections having a distal end (283E-D) and a proximal end (283E-P), the proximal ends of each lower bar joist end section being attached to an opposed end of said center section of said lower bar joist; wherein the distal ends of said two lower bar joist end sections also define the opposed ends of said lower bar joist; and wherein said two opposed ends of said lower bar joist are each in contact with a lower contact portion (281L) of one of the two roof frames (281), (ii) said roof frames having said lower contact portion and an upper contact portion (281U), said (iii) a upper bar joist (282) having two opposed ends and comprising a plurality of upper bar joist middle sections (282M) connected to each other in an end-to-end configuration to form a center section of said upper bar joist having two opposed ends, and having two upper bar joist end sections (282E), each of said upper bar joist end sections having a distal end (282E-D) and a proximal end (282E-P), the proximal ends of each upper bar joist end section being attached to an opposed end of said center section of said upper bar joist; wherein the distal ends of said two upper bar joist end sections also define the opposed ends of said upper bar joist; and wherein said two opposed ends of said upper bar joist are each in contact with an upper contact portion (281U) of one of the two roof frames (281), and wherein said upper bar joist, a lower bar joist and two roof frames define an inner, enclosed portion (288).
 2. A human portable, modular double roof assembly comprising (i) (n+1) modular double joist assemblies (285) arranged successively, at a depth distance D from one another, along and on top of substantially parallel walls, and said double joist assemblies being substantially perpendicular to one another, wherein said double joist assemblies are configured at both upper (282) and lower (283) joist assemblies to receive upper panel pieces and lower panel pieces; (ii) upper roof panel pieces to completely fill an upper space between said (n+1) successive double joist assemblies (285), (iii) lower roof panel pieces to completely fill a lower space between said (n+1) successive double joist assemblies (285), wherein n=1 to 20 and wherein an enclosed cavity (388) is therein defined.
 3. A human portable, modular, extended width double joist assembly (385) comprising an upper bar joist, a lower bar joist, diagonal bracing and two roof frames; said (i) a lower bar joist having two opposed ends and comprising a plurality of lower bar joist middle sections connected to each other in an end-to-end configuration to form a center section of said lower bar joist having two opposed ends, and having two lower bar joist end sections, each of said lower bar joist end sections having a distal end and a proximal end, the proximal ends of each lower bar joist end section being attached to an opposed end of said center section of said lower bar joist; wherein the distal ends of said two lower bar joist end sections also define the opposed ends of said lower bar joist; and wherein said two opposed ends of said lower bar joist are each in contact with a lower contact portion of one of the two roof frames, (ii) said roof frames having said lower contact portion and an upper contact portion, said (iii) a upper bar joist having two opposed ends and comprising a plurality of upper bar joist middle sections connected to each other in an end-to-end configuration to form a center section of said upper bar joist having two opposed ends, and having two upper bar joist end sections, each of said upper bar joist end sections having a distal end and a proximal end, the proximal ends of each upper bar joist end section being attached to an opposed end of said center section of said upper bar joist; wherein the distal ends of said two upper bar joist end sections also define the opposed ends of said upper bar joist; and wherein said two opposed ends of said upper bar joist are each in contact with an upper contact portion of one of the two roof frames, and wherein said upper bar joist, a lower bar joist and two roof frames define an inner, enclosed portion; and wherein said enclosed portion contains at least one pair of diagonally oriented cross-braces (387) connecting said upper bar joist to said lower bar joist.
 4. The double joist assembly of claim 3 wherein said upper and lower bar joists are equal in length.
 5. The double joist assembly of claim 1 wherein said upper and lower bar joists are unequal in length.
 6. The double joist assembly of claim 3 wherein said roof frame is in an inverted T shape.
 7. The double joist assembly of claim 1 wherein said roof frame is in an L shape.
 8. The roof assembly of claim 2 wherein said walls are selected from the group consisting of modular walls, concrete walls, soil revetments and combinations thereof.
 9. The roof assembly of claim 2 wherein the lower roof panel pieces have skin materials (102,103) which are selected from the group consisting of spun para-aramid fiber, ballistic-grade E-glass, commercial E-glass, S2-glass, polypropylene thermoplastic sheet, polyurethane/polyurea-blended sheet, polyurethane films (with or without reinforcement), fiberglass, carbon fiber, metal mesh/grid fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) and combinations thereof.
 10. The roof assembly of claim 2 wherein the upper roof panel pieces have skin materials (102,103) which are selected from the group consisting of spun para-aramid fiber, ballistic-grade E-glass, commercial E-glass, S2-glass, polypropylene thermoplastic sheet, polyurethane/polyurea-blended sheet, polyurethane films (with or without reinforcement), fiberglass, carbon fiber, metal mesh/grid fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) and combinations thereof.
 11. The roof assembly of claim 2 wherein the lower roof panel pieces have core materials (101) which are selected from the group consisting of high performance concretes, ceramics, quarried stone, architectural armors and portland cement-based VHSC's.
 12. The roof assembly of claim 2 wherein the upper roof panel pieces have core materials (101) which are selected from the group consisting of high performance concretes, ceramics, quarried stone, architectural armors and portland cement-based VHSC's.
 13. The roof assembly of claim 2 wherein there are multiple layers of upper roof panel pieces.
 14. The roof assembly of claim 13 having a thickness of from 4 inches to 6 inches.
 15. A kit for assembly comprising the individual pieces of the human portable, modular double roof assembly of claim
 2. 16. A kit for assembly comprising the individual pieces for a plurality of the extended width double joist assemblies (385) of claim
 3. 17. The kit of claim 16 further comprising upper and lower roof panels. 